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Word formation and training of word-processing

Today, the formation of the terms "word" has no clear and universally accepted for use. Sometimes it refers to all processes related to the change of form of the word, for example, placement, which is a matter of morphology . In its broadest sense training of the word denotes the process of creating new lexical items. Although it appears that the difference between the morphological change a word and the creation of a new term is quite easy to see, sometimes there is a dispute about whether the mixture is still a morphological change or make a new word. There are, of course, many word-formation processes that do not arouse disputes and are very similar in most languages. One of the properties distinctive of human language is creativity, which we refer to the ability of native speakers of a language to produce and understand new ways in your language. Although the Creativity is more evident when it comes to sentence formation, which is also reflected in our lexical knowledge, where new words are added to our mental lexicon regularly. In this work the most comprehensive exhibition of word formation processes that speakers of a language use regularly (and unconsciously well) to create new words in their language are presented.

 

Compounding

Noun + Noun

The most common type of word formation is the combination of two (or more) names to form a substantive result:

Noun + Noun = Noun

Examples: landmines, wallpaper, toothbrush

The first of the two compounds can be descriptive (ie cloth, cloth with which clean [or fabric boxes]) or both compounds can create a completely new meaning (ie, the railroad, which is not a "road" in the sense Typical of the word.) It is also possible to form words whose components are equally important to or descriptive of its meaning, for example, a washer / dryer concerns to an object that combines two functions.

There are, of course, many different compounds more substantive aspects of how to relate to each other and how their significance can best be explained grammatically. In most cases, however, the nature of these compounds is self-explanantory, and their meanings are quite understandable even for those who are affected first.

Note that compound names usually appear as two separate words, only the usual, those found in everyday language, and usually composed of not more than three syllables are as one word. Hyphens (-) between segments a compound noun is quite exceptional. Examples:

window sill (the sill of a window attached bass), window (a window shop), doorkey (a key to the door), bookpage (one page of a book), silverspoon (a silver spoon), water pipes (a pipe that carries water), shipyard (A playground for the springs), fire (fire someone), wallpaper ("paper" one sticks to the walls), Independence Day (anniversary of the Declaration of Independence), office supplies (goods for office use), water scarcity (water shortage), labor riot (riot employees) television (a series for television viewing), headache (headache one), snowfall (snow), voicemail (answering phone), air conditioning (A air conditioning machine), shooting (a struggle carried out with firearms)

Verb + Noun

Here verbs describe what is done with an object or a subject "Yesterday, in a word, a new name is formed, they often refer to something concrete, and the verb defines the action is related with him

Verb + Noun = Noun: + = drawbridge drawbridge.

A drawbridge is a bridge that can be tilted so that vessels could pass, or "made." In this case, the noun is the direct object.

hitman = A man who carried out "dirty jobs" or, that "hits". Here, the word as part of the sentence is the subject.

Moreover, both segments can be related in other ways, is ie people of the name may refer to an adverb of place: walk = walk on the catwalk.

The rules apply to the usual spelling. More examples:

gateway (a way to walk on), diving center (a place where you go diving), track (a strip of flat land where to start or land aircraft ["run"]) filter paper (paper used for filtering liquids or gases), driveway (a road that leads to a garage or a building), the payment date (the day one receive their wages), paycheck (a test used for the payment of wages and salaries),

Noun + adjective

Nouns and adjectives can be composed in reverse order:

Adjective Noun + adjective =

Camera-shy + = Camera Shy (Shy appear on or talk to the cameras).

In this case, the result is an adjective, the noun, while explaining the objective.

Another possibility is that the noun supports the adjective, ie as an intensifier:

cheap = cheap as dirt, paper, paper-thin = thin

Those rules also apply to the linking of nouns and adjectives of participle:

English-speaking, soul-destroying; numb

most common compounds shorter and appear as a single word while longer and less common are joined by a hyphen. More examples of all subtypes:

test water (water proof or resistant), sailor (a ship to resist the dangers of the sea), amounting to something in flight conditions (aircraft can safely fly), guilty (A person who deserves the blame), a book worthy (of publication), trustworthy (Someone you can trust), jet black (deep black), I hurt feet (with a sore foot), the heart patient (a person who suffers from heart disease), dizziness (being sick from the effects of a stormy sea), manufacturing home (made in private at home), power-mad (crazy for power or desire), color (you can not discriminate between colors than black and white and gray)

Other compounds

There are several other types of compounds. A selection of which is shown below.

Adjective + Adjective

Bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, oral-aural, Anglo-Saxon

Adjective + participle

Long range, improbable, narrow-minded, sincere, high climbing, low performance, painted red, without gloves

Prefixes

Unlike compounds, links placement call prefixes and suffixes, are not independent words, for words of all kinds. The type of affix determines the effect it will have on the placement of the word. In this case, we speak of prefixes support and opposition. Used to express their support or disapproval of all that is expressed by the word that is connected.

Supporting and opposing prefixes (prefixes attitude)

Pro = on the side of the support: pro-abortion, pro-life, pro-market, pro-libertarian, added: nouns, adjectives name.

Anti = against, counteracting: anti-missiles, the anti-social, anti-abortion, anti-regulatory; = antagonistic anti-hero, the antichrist, he adds substantive adverbs, adjectives denominational.

Counter = as opposed to: in order to counter counter-revolution, counter-example, counter-espionage, counter-productive; added: verbs, abstract nouns, adjectives.

Contra = contrast, against: contraception, contraindicate the flow, contra, in contrast, adds abstract nouns, verbs.

Negative prefixes

An outline of the negative prefixes and their use are given below.

a = not, lacking, not affected by, no quality: atheistic, amoral (not subject to moral standards), asymmetry, apolitical, asexual, added to adjectives, nouns.

DIS = no, absolutely opposed to what is meant by the second element: the unfair suspicion, disagreeing, disgust, dislike, handicap; added to adjectives, abstract nouns, verbs.

A = no, the opposite of, rather than the words of French origin: in-, il-(before l) im-(before p), ir-(before r). Note: These are the most common prefixes of negation. Examples: unfair and unpretentious, unexpected, unproductive, crazy, injustice, intolerance, impatience, imperfect, irregular, illegal, incapable, illogical, inappropriate, irrelevant, adds adjectives, participles (only un-).

no = no, not considered: non-stop, non-interference, non-aggression, non smoker, no drip (painting), non-person, non-event, adds: Several types of words and expressions, mostly nouns and verbs.

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Prefixes of the place (locative prefixes)

locative prefixes determine the place, or relative place or direction (relative) of the act or objects. Also, names and abstract processes and relationships are determined by the locality. Perhaps out the following provide a clear picture:

before = before (local): antechamber, anteroom, added to nouns.

= Circumstances around: circumnavigating, circumlocutions, circumcision, added: verbs, nouns.

extra = outside, beyond, outside of marriage, extracurricular extra-, extra-payment adds adjectivs, nouns.

= Both in the front, previous, index, foreskin, service station, the front adds substance.

= inside, in: well-il, im-, ir-harvest, indoors, in patients (not anxious), adds: participles, nouns.

= Among things in the middle of: interracial, international, interdisciplinary, Interrace, added: adjectives, nouns.

intra = within: intramural, intra-uterine, intravenous, adds adjectives.

supra = above: supramundane supranational adds adjectives.

sur = above: charge, charges, surtitle, nouns, verbs.

tele = distance: telecommunications, television, added: nouns, verbs.

trans = through: transatlantic, trans, transsexual, adds adjectives, geographical names.

ultra = beyond, in excess, very: ultra-violet, ultrasonic, ultra-modest, ultra thin, ultra-modern, ultra-Orthodox, adds adjectives.

low = below: metro, train Production of underwear, he adds: nouns; = very little, undercharge, underpay, undercook, underestimated: added: subclass verbs; = subordinate, Deputy Secretary,, that underlie, adds substance.

Additional locative prefixes: Prepositions determine the direction, both locatively and applied in a figurative sense: overlook, to improve, to reduce size, to submit, to supervise.

The prefixes of size, grade and state

These prefixes determine mostly nouns, and explains itself in many ways:

= Arc high, worse, the boss: archbishop, arch-rival, the archangel, archduke, arch-enemy, added to nouns.

macro = large: the macrocosm, macro-economics, adds substance.

micro = small: a micro transmitter, micro-computer, microsurgery, microeconomics, adds substance.

mega = large: megastar, megastore, adds: nouns.

mini = small: Miniseries, minibreak, minicab, miniskirt, adds nouns

Prefixes of Time and Order

These prefixes determine the time and order, its meaning and its use are given below.

Before = before: are earlier prenatal care, added: adjectives.

Ex = ex: ex-wife, ex-president, human names.

Forward = before, anticipate, predict, not collected; adds, verbs, participles, nouns.

Middle = middle: half later, in mid-winter, midnight, added: nouns that denote points or periods of time.

Neo = new form of the latter, revived the neo-colonialism, neo-conservatives, neo-fascist, he adds, abstract nouns, adjectives.

Since = After From post-war, post-modernism, post-structuralist, adds: nouns denoting time, abstract nouns, adjectives denoting periods of time.

Pre = Before, pre-arranged before the time / duration: prepaid, pre-existing, pre, preview, preschool, before the war, and marriage, adds: nouns, adjectives.

Number prefixes

Numeral prefixes the number, quantity, or scope.

mono = one, one: monotheism, monorail, monoplane, monotonous, added: nouns, adjectives.

uni = one: unidirectional, one-dimensional, unilateral, adds: adjectives, nouns.

poly = many: polysyllabic, polytheism, polygraph, added: adjectives, nouns.

multi = many: multi-faith, multi, multi, multi-racial, added: nouns, adjectives.

semi = half, part: semicircle, semi-automatic semi-conscious, semi-official, added: nouns, adjectives.

demi = half, in part: fusa demigod,; adds substantial in most cases.

Kind of change and the conversion of prefixes

The prefixes a-, which, in-and em-are the main effect to change the class (or type) of words, or, to convert.

a = added to verbs to form predicates (no possible explanation synonymical): float (A vessel that is floating is afloat), high (an aircraft in flight is in the air).

= Is added to nouns to form transitive verb: to place (to surround the force delivery), to seduce (for charm), to bewitch (To put a spell on) = added to adjectives to form transitive verb: to calm (To soothe or make it easy), to belittle (For something or someone seems unimportant or of lesser value), that soil (or lack To make dirty; to pollute) = added to verbs to form transitive verbs, and at the same time, as a force for the intensification of the verbs: to dazzle (To bring someone in glare) to becry (For mourn bitterly), to daub (To make dirty), to mourn (to mourn or express sorrow over), for sprinkling (For covered with patches of dirt), to denote (For give evidence) = added to nouns to form adjectives of participle: glasses (wearing glasses), curbs (with tape), the woman [in a wig (The use of a wig) besotted (Hopelessly in love with sb., but only in reference to men are infatuated]).

Recent coinage of words prefixed

Here is a little further and final selection of current word formation, explaining the importance of training in English word today:

anti-choice, bicultural, co-anchor, counter-culture, deselect, difunctional, divest, eco-tourism, eurosceptic, ex directory, gigabyte, hypertext, interface, intra-uterine, macrobiotic, Series maxi, mega, microsurgery, minibreak, multimedia, neo-colonialism, non-proliferation, Pan-African paramedic, postmodernism, preschool, proactive, reflag, retrofire, supergun, ungreen, unisex, high-end

Note that the standard hyphenizing usual formations of more than three syllables is not followed in all cases, the respective training received has already become standard, which is a independent word.

Suffixes

Verbal suffixes

Here, suffixes, which has the function of forming verbs from classes words are defined and explained.

-Pensions = do, cause: to simplify, beautify, to classify, to personify, to countrify to ladify for beautify, to Frenchify, added: name (ie, beauty) and adjectives (ie enough) to form (mainly) transitive verbs.

-Ize = =- Ise also to do, to discuss the form of: a shock, to civilize, to organize, to circularize, to hypnotize, to Americanize, to familiarize legalizing, to nationalize, to soberize, to sponsor, to materialize, to popularize, to prioritize, to privatize, adds adjectives and nouns of Romanic origin, but the names also suitable to form mostly transitive verbs. Note to apologize, to botanize, to sympathize not formations word in that sense, because the remaining stem not be an independent word English if "-ize" took them away.

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Adjective Suffixes

-Power (also-ble words of Latin or French origin) – words ending-able which means "that can or deserves to be-ed" (in which "-ed" all past participle) or, "that is able to do this" or "you can do with it: fragile, edible or exchangeable, pitiable, easily reading, reliable, available, acceptable, betrayal, knowledgeable, pleasant, forgettable, unthinkable, intelligible, responsible, audible, added: mainly action verbs. Note that certain combinations such as demonstrable (show), separate (separate) or any other based on verbs ending-ate, retaining only the verb root verb base instead of whole. Verbs ending in hand-and-i, which, however, does not affect the choice of power-vs-able, which is determined solely the origin of the verb. Please note that these forms are often used with negative prefixes: unthinkable. It is also possible to make a substantive and adjective: The reliable (What can be invoked).

-Al (also ial-) – that means "nature", "belonging to" natural, casual, education, coastal, tidal, accidental, management, music, criminal, editorial, continental provisional names added to adjectives to form mainly not be compared. Note: continuous, body, individual etc, are not actual formations of words in the English sense, however, resemble the principles set out above.

-A (also-ian) – which means "tradition", "from" "the nature of" African Indians, Elizabethan, Victorian, republican added: proper names mainly, geographical names, names well known people (people ages define ideas or ideologies).

"Less = no: sloppy, inoffensive, restless, without borders, without mercy, added: name (antonym of-ful).

"As = of the nature, behaving as children, chivalrous, divine added to nouns.

-Ly = of the nature of the periodic recurrence: funky, real, earthy, monthly, daily, added: nouns, denotations of time. This is not to be confused with the formation of adverbs, which happens when you add-ing an adjective.

"Some = productive: grievous, dreadful, quarrelsome, troublesome, bothersome, solitary added: nouns, verbs, adjectives. It is highly advisable to consult a dictionary before forming their own combinations.

-Ward = at: upward to the east, forward, toward the sky, to home, land, backward, forward (from foreground), adds: locative adverbs.

-Y = the nature of: fun, oxidized, smelly fish sleep, demanding, bone, nerve, headache, second classy, tacky, tacky, flimsy (derobitary: Status of fish); adds all concrete nouns, some verbs.

Concrete nouns suffixes

nominal suffixes form names of each type of word.

-Ant (and ent-) = that / which takes place, agentive and instrumental: informant, the applicant, solvent, resident, disinfectant, servant, added: verbs. Consult your dictionary if in doubt.

-Er = Also or words of Latin origin: server, dreamer, cleaner, etcher, added: verbs. Consult your dictionary if in doubt. This person often denote after his profession: baker, bookseller; = device or compliance with task of: container, locker rooms, boilers, cutter, adds verbs. = Object, service or means to carry out the task of: fixer, doer of good works, added: phrasal verbs (verb + adverb) = denotation of origin of persons: Southern, London, adds geographical names.

= Agent-tion: work (a definite article is obligatory); added to verbs; = activity: swimming, gardening, manufacturing, adds: verbs; = result: the construction, clothing, paint, added: verbs. The result is either a gerund or a participle, depending on context.

-Ee = passive affected by: employee interviewed teachee, trustee, evacuee; adds verbs. The resulting noun to designate a person.

Adverb Suffixes

Adverb are suffixes, like most others, the kind of change. Note that some adjectives (like temperature) can not become an adverb when it came to be applied as such, it is necessary to insert a paraphrase.

-Ly = that way. "Mind is the standard way to form adjectives: easy – easily; important – important, and so on. Mind-is added to: adjectives that end-mind, the phrases (matter of factly with great enthusiasm, in cold blood). Also added some new words: transbroomstickally. Regarding the above: nice – in a friendly way (this applies to all adjectives ending-ly).

-Wise = in terms of … what … is / are involved: clockwise, notewise, moneywise, adds substance.

– = Ways in the form of: side, longitudinal, adds substance.

Recent coinage (Suffixes)

Below is a selection of forming words with suffixes Date

microwave, actional, gentrification, yuppiedom, dry fingers, faxing, leaderene, bagger, bimbette, without additives, kissogram, wrinklier, gentrigy, networks, wimp, ableism, survival, recycling, confrontation, privatize, ecomanie, ease of use, returnik, retrophilia

Conversion

The conversion is the process or the passage of a word in a different word class without adding an affix (which is usually called "Bypass"). Then we will discuss how to form nouns denoting actions actional verbs.

Action verbs in substantive

The rule: a verb becomes a noun: to swim -> a bathroom. Spelling does not change, is anything added.

The verb that gives rise to this word formation must denote an action: swimming, walking, running, reading.

The resulting noun denotes a single action, a specific instance ("I had a good read") instead of the action or activity as such: "I like to run" would be correct if the activity be considered as such. There are, however, some exceptions (= work work as such.)

Examples:

to go for a walk, a long-term, long-term (long term), a good stay, work (which denotes the act of working as such), do not like, doubt, to be in the know (to know, and only such use) laugh, supply, were (bored person or thing), unruly, sneaking, drinking (which someone drinks), find, reject, cure, Polish, shelter, dump (When something is dumped), shelter, stop

The concrete nouns verbs

Here, I will demonstrate a widely used option to use verbal expressions instead of the nominal. Concrete names, usually denoting things, they become verbs that mean something related to the substantive as an action. This definition may seem abstract and strange, but the following examples that point clear:

The headquarters of the company is really dwarf the other buildings (the dwarf c /. = do st. seem small in comparison.) Many regular drivers floor the pedal while driving on this road (to the floor the pedal to the press = to reach the floor of a car). The satellite deorbit not (a = output to leave its orbit round the path of the earth and return). It is necessary to balance the accounts of a (a = balance to fix something [ie, an account] to get things (expenses / deposits) are in equilibrium).

Other examples: Xerox (To copy), by fax, phone, screen, water, fan, a bed, build a bridge to link, to top up the bottle, for identification.

All of transitive verbs derived from them.

The adjectives into verbs

It is also possible to form verbs from adjectives without alter the word:

The rule: an adjective becomes a verb: weak – to faint (they fade), inactive – at idle speed (to be inactive) slim – slimming (weight loss), quiet – to calm (so calm), clean – to clean (for cleaning) without problems – for smoothing (to smooth).

Applications: We consulted a psychiatrist to smooth things over. While the suffering of more than two years, little by little thinner.

Please note that the participial adjectives (color does not work) can not be converted into verbs in this way. On the contrary, you have to convert these participles into verbs: a color, break.

Remember that some adjectives change their form to become verbs: low – to download, everything – to enlarge weak – weaker, strong – enlarge large – to enlarge smart – to beautify, easy – for the facility.

Other word classes

There are still other ways to change classes of words without changing spelling, adding or removing parts

Adverb Verb: They tried to get out of it.

Auxiliary noun: This course is a need for someone like you.

Conjunctions into nouns: Do not give me nitpicking.

Adverbs / Prepositions in nouns: I have not yet learned the details of the business.

More on Noun Verb Adverb: I have no expertise.

Participles / adverbs of adjectives: The Gathering had a very high-end encouraging trustees. The theory is that humans, who after all are the only animals jumped up …

Conversions in nouns on the basis of different word classes, especially in subordinate clauses and clauses: Some places do not have complained of having been involved do not benefactors. The comings and goings in the country became the president-to-be to rethink his taking-care-of-business "approach. An auxiliary army of notorious do-gooders milled through the city, attempting to provide assistance to help-self to the not so wealthy, or as they call them, the less fortunate. The disheveled and apologetic "I am a servant of the proletariat look has gone forever.

Other formations Word

In conclusion, there is a word offer additional training that can be grouped into sensible the context of the previous sections.

Back-formation

Back-formation is the process of deriving words dropping what is thought to is a suffix or (occasionally) a prefix. This applies mainly to the coinage of verbs from nouns.

Examples: Disabled (disabled) to expletive (expletive) to excited (excitement), coordinated (link) to steal (theft), for editing (second edition, the publisher) to sell (seller) to scavange (scavanger), sculpting (sculptor, sculpture) to defraud (cheat, fraud), air conditioning (air conditioning), to care for children (baby-sitter) brainstorming ideas (brainstorming), to brainwash (brainwashing) to intimidate (intimidating), dry-cleaning (dry cleaning), house hunting (hunter home) and its monuments (tourism), to record on tape (recorder), to articulate (articulate (a), the joint) to murder (murder), to educate co (co-education) to demarcate (river), to show emotion (emotion) of sense (intuition) to legislate (legislation) in adobo (marinated) orate (Orination) for vaccinated (vaccination), holidays (vacation), to assess (assessment), to diagnose (diagnosis), pleasure (lazy) to remember (reminiscene), statistical (statistics), to broadcast Televisa (TV).

Trim

Clipping is an abbreviation of a word by the omission of one or more syllables.

Examples: bike (bicycle), decaffeinated coffee (decaf), fan (fanatic) examination (examination), telephone (telephone), fax (facsimile), fridge (refrigerator), hyper (overactive), intercom (intercom system) lab (laboratory), student doctor (physician / physician), Memo (memorandum), microphone (microphone), film (moving image) photography (photography), pub (tavern), Zoo (Zoo), mathematics (math).

Acronym

Acronyms abreviatory is another device. The results are often kind of word is a noun: ECU (European Currency Unit), diving (self-contained breathing apparatus under water) e-mail (electronic mail).

Mixtures

The mixtures are also used for abreviatory. Here, two or more components are complementing the basis of the resultant. These components have omitted one or more syllables before compound mixture.

Examples: bit + bit camera, camcorder VCR +, contraception conception + contrast, goat sheep GEEP +, + bright literary glitterati, demodulator + modem modular, motor + hotel motel, fog smoke smog + transistor + transfer resistance.

Miscellaneous

Onomatopoeia words – felt the sounds suggested referring to: the bubble, belch, noise, hiss, murmur, and splash.

The words are proper names: bowdlerize, boycott, Breille, cesarean, lynch, pasteurization, sadistic Platonic, sandwich.

Depictive Movement: a tape, run around to get the hell out.

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